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TED | 应对极端酷热天气的三步计划

2023-5-17 20:34| 发布者: 夏梦飞雨| 查看: 135| 评论: 0

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简介：视频介绍最致命的恶劣天气现象可能是你从没有意识到的：酷热。希腊雅典市首席热工官埃利尼·米里维利解释说，极端的酷热天气往往最容易被忽视，因为它们没有洪水或飓风那么剧烈，并且在全球气温快速上升的时候，破坏 ...

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最致命的恶劣天气现象可能是你从没有意识到的：酷热。希腊雅典市首席热工官埃利尼·米里维利解释说，极端的酷热天气往往最容易被忽视，因为它们没有洪水或飓风那么剧烈，并且在全球气温快速上升的时候，破坏了城市的空气系统。

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TED | 应对极端酷热天气的三步计划

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So in my city of Athens, Greece, like in many cities around the world, a lot of people thought that climate change is something happening far away.

在我的城市希腊雅典，就像世界上许多城市一样，很多人认为气候变化是一个离自己很遥远的事情。

Until ash started falling from the sky and temperatures neared 45 degrees Celsius in the summer of 2021.

直到灰烬开始从天而降，然后气温在2021年夏天达到近45摄氏度，

And they stayed above 40 degrees for several days.

并在40摄氏度以上停留了好几天。

The asphalt sizzled and huge wildfires burned the forests around the city and people died.

沥青嘶嘶作响，巨大的野火烧毁了城市周围的森林，有些人死了。

The last decade has been the hottest ever recorded in our history.

过去的十年是我们历史上所记录的最热的十年。

Paradoxically, even though we've been talking about global warming for decades, we haven't been talking about extreme heat,

矛盾的是，即使我们几十年来一直谈论着全球变暖，我们一直没有谈论极端高温，

especially in urban environments.

尤其是在城市环境中。

Extreme heat is the deadliest of all extreme weather phenomena.

极端高温是所有极端天气现象中最致命的。

Very few of us know this.

我们很少有人知道这一点。

We overlook extreme heat.

我们忽略了极端的高温。

Because heat doesn't come with the drama of roofs sent flying and streets turned into rivers.

因为高温不会伴随着屋顶被掀翻、街道变成河流这样的戏剧性场面。

Heat destroys quietly.

高温会悄悄地造成破坏。

Yet there is little escape from heat.

然而，几乎没有人能逃离炎热。

These are temperatures our bodies are not made for and cannot adapt to.

这些温度不是我们的身体所能适应的。

These are temperatures our cities and our infrastructure is not made for.

我们的城市和基础设施不适合这样的温度。

The structures of our cities and the surfaces absorb heat and store it and radiate it at night.

城市的建筑结构和地表吸收并储存热量，并在晚上散发出去。

Cars and air conditioning add more to the urban environment.

汽车和空调给城市环境增添了更多的负担。

And this is a deadly mix.

这是一种致命的混合。

This is what we call the urban heat island.

也就是我们所说的城市热岛。

The list of health effects from heat and from heat waves is long.

高温和热浪对健康的影响有很多。

And it includes significant mental problems, mental health problems.

其中包括严重的精神问题，精神健康问题。

It also, heat creates fatigue and loss of sleep, which in turn increases workplace injuries as well as significant losses of productivity.

此外，高温会造成疲劳和睡眠不足，这反过来又会造成工伤增加和生产力的严重损失。

Heat waves also, we know, that they increase violence in communities.

我们知道，热浪还会加剧社区暴力。

We have correlated it to increased violence in communities.

我们已经在社区中增加的暴力行为与热浪之间找到了关联。

And also, they lower the ability of children to learn.

它还会降低孩子们的学习能力。

And in the cities, not everybody, of course, is affected equally.

当然，在城市里，并不是每个人都会受到相同的影响。

The poor, especially the energy-poor and the housing-poor are most vulnerable as well as people with pre-existing conditions,

穷人，特别是缺少能源的人和缺少住房的人，以及患基础病的人，

people above 60 years old, pregnant women, young children and people that have manual labor jobs.

60岁以上的人、孕妇、儿童、从事体力劳动的人是最脆弱的。

Also, we know that heat has been baking farmers' crops, reducing yields, inhibiting pollination.

此外，高温烘烤着农民的庄稼，降低了产量，抑制授粉。

And more and more farm workers are going to work before daybreak or farming in the night, harvesting in the night.

越来越多的农场工人选择在黎明前或夜间耕作，在夜间收获。

It's just getting too darn hot.

现在真的太热了。

The great infrastructures that we have built with ingenuity and effort during the last two centuries, the dams, the waterways, the highways,

在过去的两个世纪里，我们用智慧和努力建造了伟大的基础设施，水坝、水道、高速公路、铁路，

the railways, they have been carefully engineered for a climate that no longer exists.

都是为一种现已不复存在的气候精心设计的。

What can we do?

我们能做些什么？

I will talk about cities because that's my territory.

我想谈论城市，因为那是我的研究领域。

As chief health officer of Athens, I think of all possible efforts in three general categories.

作为雅典的首席卫生官，我认为所有可能的努力大致可以分为三类。

Awareness, preparedness and redesign.

意识、准备工作和重新设计。

Awareness means that we recognize the threat.

意识的意思就是我们认识到了威胁。

It's hard sometimes to persuade people, especially in hot climates, to take heat exposure seriously.

尤其是在炎热的气候中，有时很难说服人们认真对待热暴露。

So, this year, together with the Arsht-Rockefeller Resilience Center, we are going to pilot, for the first time this summer,

所以今年，我们将与阿什特-洛克菲勒恢复中心一起，今夏第一次，

four cities in the US and Athens,

在美国的四个城市和雅典，

we're going to pilot a new methodology for naming and categorizing heat waves like we do hurricanes.

我们将试点使用一种新的方法来对热浪进行命名和分类，就像我们对飓风做的那样。

So consider this.

试想，

When there is a category 4 hurricane, you don't expect the pizza delivery person to bring a pizza to your house.

当四级飓风来袭时，你不会指望披萨外卖员把披萨送到你家，

Nor do you expect, like, people to keep working in a construction site.

也不会指望人们继续在建筑工地工作。

However, we don't have such considerations or policies in relation to a category 4 heat wave.

但是，我们没有四级热浪下相关的考虑和政策。

Because there is no category 4 heat waves.

因为从来没有四级热浪这个分类。

We don't have metrics.

我们没有度量指标。

And we don't have categories.

我们没有分类。

And I think that this will be a real game changer.

我认为这真的会改变很多。

So this is just one thing.

虽然它只是一件事。

But I think this is important.

我却觉得它很重要。

So awareness leads to preparedness.

意识过后便是准备。

And preparedness means that you are kind of, ready to basically, when the event happens, to protect the most vulnerable.

准备意味着你能够在灾害发生时保护最脆弱的人群。

And there's a whole slew of actions that cities are doing all around the world, short-term things, to protect people during the heat waves.

世界各地的城市采取了一系列的短期的措施，在热浪袭来时保护人们。

For example, in Athens, we have created a smartphone app that gives you personalized and real-time risk assessment and gives you, on a map,

例如，在雅典，我们制作了一个手机应用，它能提供人性化的实时的风险检测，

risk assessments in relation to heat, and gives you on a map where you can go to get cover, where are the cool spaces, the nearest cool spaces.

并提供一个地图上的有关高温的风险测试，告诉你可以去哪里得到保护，哪里比较凉快，最近的清凉地点。

New York has created this great buddy system where people in the neighborhood keep on checking during heat waves on people that are vulnerable in the neighborhood.

纽约开创了结伴制度，在热浪袭来时人们能照顾社区中的脆弱人群。

They also gave, I think a couple of years ago, 74,000 units of air conditioning for low-income seniors.

纽约还在几年前给低收入老年人提供了74000台空调。

Sydney does this great thing,

悉尼采取了同样的举措，

which is that they divert energy from the industrial sector to residential districts to avoid blackouts during heat waves.

在热浪期间，为避免停电，他们把工业部门的能源分给了居民区。

So these are some short-term things that we can do and we've been doing.

这就是一些短期内我们能做的事情，和我们正在做的事情。

But the real task at hand is redesigning our cities to make our cities cooler and thinking beyond air conditioning.

但是手边真正的任务是重新设计我们的城市，让城市更凉爽，并思考空调之外的方法。

So before we started designing our buildings and our cities and cooling them and heating them with fossil fuels,

在我们开始设计我们的建筑、城市，用化石燃料降温、加热之前，

architecture had incorporated centuries-long wisdom for design solutions and materials that were fine-tuned to the local climate conditions.

建筑的方案和材料已经凝结了上百年的智慧，良好适应着当地的气候条件。

So thick walls with tiny openings or well-placed windows high up in the building that kind of move air from the bottom up and out or outside shutters.

厚墙壁和小通风口，或整齐排列在楼房高处的窗户，那样的设计让空气可以从上到下再流出，或在外循环。

Shady and verdant internal courtyards with fountains or outside walls that are whitewashed every spring to reflect the hot summer heat,

树林阴翳的小院子，安装着喷泉或者每年刷白的外墙，反射着夏日的高温，

the heat of the hot summers.

酷暑的热浪。

So compare these to our concrete,

相较这些，我们的水泥、

steel and glass buildings that are air conditioned and that have sealed windows that basically make our cities into heat traps compounding instead of solving the problem.

钢铁和玻璃建成的楼房有着空调和密封的窗户，实际上这会让我们的城市被热量包围，使热量叠加，而不是解决问题。

So, what we really need to do is we need to radically rethink and redesign our urban environments away from the logic of modernity,

所以，我们真正要做的事是彻底重新思考和设计我们的城市环境，远离现代性的逻辑，

away from the logic of carbon modernity.

远离现代的碳排放逻辑。

Carbon is there from the get go, from the materials that we use for the types of construction, from the way we use the buildings,

碳从一开始就在那，就来自于我们的各种建造材料，来自我们使用建筑的手段、

we heat and cool them, the way we eat, the way we consume, the way we move around in our urban environments.

让它升温降温的方式，我们吃东西、我们消耗的方式，我们在城市环境中的交通方式。

So we need to redesign our cities beyond energy efficiency and cutting carbon emissions.

因此我们需要重新设计我们的城市，不仅仅关注能源效率和减少碳排放。

We need an urban design revolution, a total paradigm shift that probably needs to be led not by architects anymore.

我们需要一场城市规划的革命和理念的彻底转变，或许不再被建筑师引领，

But landscape architects that know more about thermodynamics and soil and the importance of soils for biodiversity and all these things that can really bring about a real paradigm shift,

而是地形建筑师，他们更了解热力学和土壤，以及土壤对于生物多样性的重要性，

a revolution in design, a new type of urbanity that actually is a different metabolic animal.

这些做法的确可以带来理念的转变、设计的革命和城市的新形态，使其变成一种新的新陈代谢的生物。

Our cities of the future will be different metabolic systems.

我们未来的城市会有截然不同的代谢系统。

And we don't really know yet what this is going to look like.

我们并不一定知道它会是什么样。

But I think it's going to be great.

但我认为它会非常棒

And it's just the beginning.

而且这只是个开始。

But what we do know is that we really, really urgently need to build resilience to our current climate conditions at urban scale.

我们所知道的是我们真的真的迫切需要为我们现在的气候条件创造城市级规模的弹性。

There are materials and technologies that are currently being developed that will help.

我们有正在研发的材料和科技作为辅助。

But the main thing, the first and foremost and most important thing for bringing down heat in cities is bringing nature into the urban fabric.

但降低城市高温的主要、首先和最重要的任务是把自然带到我们城市规划中。

And this means a radical increase of trees, of tree coverage,

这意味着我们需要树木、植被覆盖、

of biodiversity and of water in the surfaces of our cities so that we can bring down the heat.

生物多样性和城市表面水的剧增，让我们可以降低高温。

So this is the time.

就是现在。

This is the decade.

就是这个年代。

And this means that cities have to really think the interconnections and interdependencies between different urban systems.

这代表城市需要认真考虑不同都市系统之间的联系和依赖。

And they have to think of resources very carefully and build backup systems and redundancies, flexibility and diversity.

他们也需要认真考量资源，建造备用系统，和冗余、灵活性及多样性。

And think about sustainability and equity.

还要考虑到可持续性和公平。

Because this is how we build resilience in our cities.

因为这才是我们在城市中创造弹性的方式。

And cities are already doing it and they're changing.

城市已经开始了行动，并带来了改变。

And we're very much learning from each other.

我们在互相学习。

Because for the first time, the last few decades, cities belong in powerful urban networks.

因为在过去的几十年里，城市首次加入了强大的都市网络，

So we're kind of talking with each other and learning from each other.

借此我们彼此交流，互相学习。

Networks like Resilient Cities Network and C40 are really supporting cities.

像韧性城市网络和C40这样的系统的的确确在支持着城市。

And I'm going to give you a finish by giving you a few examples of what cities have done.

我将以几个城市已有措施的例子来结尾。

And of course, I'm going to start from Athens.

当然，我会从雅典开始。

So in Athens, we have this incredible Roman aqueduct, a brilliant,

在雅典，我们有令人惊叹的罗马沟渠，那是一个在设计和工程方面无与伦比的古代伟大之作，

ancient masterpiece of design and engineering that runs for 20 kilometers underground, totally invisible,

在地下延伸20公里，完全隐形，

and still today moves enormous amounts of water from the hills outside of Athens to the center of Athens.

到现在仍然将巨量的水，从雅典城外的山运送到城市中心。

The water is great, too.

这些水也很不错。

It's perfect for irrigation.

它们非常适合灌溉。

You don't need to do anything to it.

不需要你做任何事情。

And for decades now, we've been just throwing it into the sewage and then to the sea.

几十年来，我们只是把它排进污水管，再排进海洋。

So now this urban aqueduct, this ancient monument,

现在，这个城市水渠和古时丰碑，

is going to be used to build resilience and lower heat by supporting urban nature for the modern city of Athens.

将通过支持现代雅典城的都市本质，被用来构造韧性，降低温度。

Another great example is Medellín, in Colombia.

另一个很好的例子是哥伦比亚的麦德林市。

Medellin, they created 36 green corridors, a dense network of trees and flower beds that has lowered temperatures four degrees Celsius in the city.

在麦德林，人们建造了36个绿色走廊，一个高密度的树木花朵植被系统，它们使城市温度降低了4摄氏度。

And it does a lot of other things, ecosystemic services, like captures pollution and noise pollution and water and soil erosion.

此外还承担着其他生态系统服务，如捕捉污染、噪声污染、水源和土壤污染。

So all these things have really important ecosystemic services.

这些都是极为重要的生态系统服务。

You probably know, Seoul in South Korea,

你也许知道，在韩国首尔，

they dismantled a highway that was ten lanes long and it had four lanes on top expressway,

政府拆除了十条车道宽的高速公路，留了四车道，

to restore a stream underneath.

就为了恢复底下的水流。

And they created this blue corridor and green corridor, 3.6 miles long,

他们还建造了3.6英里的蓝色走廊和绿色走廊，

a continuous space for wildlife and people to walk and bicycle.

给野生动物的生存、人类步行、骑行带来了可持续的空间，

That not only lowers temperatures, they've measured that it goes up to 5.9 degrees Celsius, that it lowers temperatures in that area.

其作用不仅仅是降低温度，根据他们的测量，这样的走廊使该地区温度降温达5.9摄氏度。

But also, it protects the city from flooding.

同时，它还保护着城市免受洪水灾害。

And, of course, it attracts thousands of visitors every day, has created a lot of jobs and has supported business development more than any other part of Seoul.

当然了，它每天还吸引着成千上万的游客，创造了许多就业，比首尔其他任何地方更支持企业发展。

Paris is using the water of the Seine to give free cooling to buildings around the river.

巴黎在用塞纳河的水来免费降低河边建筑的温度。

And finally, I'll finish with Melbourne in Australia because they have created an incredible strategy that's called Nature in the City Strategy,

最后，我想讲讲澳大利亚的墨尔本，因为他们发明了一个绝妙的策略，叫做城市中的自然策略，

where they've analyzed and think how to bring together all of the levels of the ecosystem from the soil and the fungi underneath to the plants and the animals and the birds and the insects and the frogs,

他们已经分析并思考如何将各层级的生态系统整合在一起，从地下土壤和真菌，到动植物、鸟类、昆虫和青蛙，

and put into place all these actions that will ensure that the urban environment,

实施上述所有措施，来保障孩子成长所在的城市环境

that their kids will grow up,

变得越来越丰富，

will be richer and much healthier.

越来越健康。

So, what keeps me really excited about this work,

这项帮助城市降温、

working to help cities cool down and work against climate change,

应对气候变化的工作令我激动的是，

is also that I feel that I'm really helping create much more wonderful cities to live in.